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One hundred years of quantum mechanics | Science

Quantum mechanics, once a theoretical domain confined to the realms of physics and academia, has now evolved into a cornerstone for groundbreaking technologies that are reshaping industries. Initially developed in the early 20th century, quantum mechanics introduced revolutionary concepts about the behavior of particles at the subatomic level, challenging classical physics and our understanding of reality. Today, this field is not just an abstract theory; it underpins a diverse array of applications, including quantum computing, quantum cryptography, and quantum sensing, which promise to transform how we process information, secure communications, and measure physical phenomena.

One of the most significant advancements in this arena is quantum computing, which leverages the principles of superposition and entanglement to process data at unprecedented speeds. Unlike classical computers that operate on bits (0s and 1s), quantum computers use qubits, which can exist in multiple states simultaneously. This allows them to solve complex problems—such as optimization tasks and simulations of molecular interactions—that would take classical computers thousands of years to compute. Companies like Google and IBM are leading the charge in developing quantum processors, with Google claiming to have achieved “quantum supremacy” in 2019. This breakthrough has spurred investment and research, suggesting that we are on the brink of a quantum revolution that could redefine industries ranging from pharmaceuticals to finance.

Moreover, quantum cryptography is set to enhance data security to levels previously thought unattainable. By utilizing the principles of quantum mechanics, particularly the phenomenon of quantum entanglement, this technology enables the creation of secure communication channels that are theoretically immune to eavesdropping. For instance, the Chinese satellite Micius has successfully demonstrated quantum key distribution over long distances, paving the way for secure global communications. Additionally, quantum sensors are being developed to achieve precision measurements that surpass current technologies, with applications in fields like navigation, medical imaging, and environmental monitoring. As these technologies continue to mature, the implications for both everyday life and global industries are profound, marking a pivotal shift from theory to practical, transformative applications of quantum mechanics.