Anxiety over school admissions isn’t limited to college – parents of young children are also feeling pressure, some more acutely than others
In recent years, the landscape of elementary school selection has transformed significantly for American families, particularly in urban centers like New York City. The concept of “school choice” has gained traction, offering parents a plethora of options beyond their traditional neighborhood schools. This shift has been driven by various factors, including the rise of charter schools, magnet programs, and updated policies that allow families to apply to schools outside their designated zones. For instance, in New York City, parents can now rank up to 12 schools of their choice, a process that has been streamlined through online applications introduced during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, despite the increased choices, the reality is that many public schools in the city remain highly segregated along racial and socioeconomic lines, which complicates the decision-making process for families.
Research conducted by sociologist Bailey A. Brown highlights the intense pressure parents face when selecting schools for their children. Interviews with over 100 families from diverse backgrounds reveal that the stakes of this decision are perceived as incredibly high. Mothers, in particular, often feel that their choices reflect their parenting abilities, leading to a sense of anxiety and urgency in the school search. For example, one mother, Janet, expressed regret for not starting her research earlier, fearing that she was failing in her role as a mother. Meanwhile, parents of color frequently seek schools that are racially inclusive, worrying about their children’s experiences in environments that may not support diversity. This reflects a broader societal concern about the implications of educational segregation, as parents navigate choices that could impact their children’s social and academic development.
The pressures experienced by families are not uniform; they vary significantly based on socioeconomic status. Higher-income parents tend to seek out specialized programs that align with their children’s unique needs, such as dual-language or progressive curricula, while working-class families often opt for local schools that mirror their own educational experiences, regardless of performance metrics. This disparity underscores systemic inequalities in the education system, where access to quality education is often dictated by financial resources and geographic location. As Brown’s findings suggest, the anxiety surrounding kindergarten enrollment is not just a personal issue for families but a reflection of deeper cracks within the American educational framework, prompting a reevaluation of how school choice policies are implemented and their broader implications for equity in education.
Shifting policies such as school choice give parents more school options than they had a few decades before.
iStock/Getty Images Plus
Deciding where to send your child to kindergarten has become one of the most
high-stakes moments in many American families’ lives
.
A few factors have made selecting an elementary school particularly challenging in recent years. For one, there are
simply more schools
for parents to pick from over the past few decades, ranging from traditional public and private to a growing
number of magnet
and
charter programs
. There are also new policies in some
places, such as New York City
, that allow parents to select not just their closest neighborhood public school but schools across and outside of the districts where they live.
As a
scholar of sociology
and education
, I have seen how the expanding range of school options – sometimes called
school choice
– has spread nationwide and is particularly
a prominent factor
in
New York City
.
I spoke with a diverse range of more than 100 New York City parents across income levels and racial and ethnic backgrounds from 2014 to 2019 as part of research for my 2025 book, “
Kindergarten Panic: Parental Anxiety and School Choice Inequality
.”
All of these parents
felt pressure trying to select a school for their
elementary school-age children, and
school choice options post-COVID-19
have only increased.
Some parents experience this pressure a bit more acutely than others.
Women often see their choice of school as a reflection of whether they are good moms, my interviews show. Parents of color feel pressure to find a racially inclusive school. Other parents worry about finding niche schools that offer dual-language programs, for example, or other specialties.
Children arrive for class at an elementary school in Brooklyn in 2020.
Angela Weiss/AFP via Getty Images
Navigating schools in New York City
Every year, about 65,000 New York City kindergartners are matched to more than
700 public schools
.
New York City kindergartners typically attend their nearest public school in the neighborhood and get a priority place at this school. This school is often called someone’s
zoned school
.
Even so, a spot at your local school isn’t guaranteed – students get priority if they apply on time.
While most kindergartners still attend their zoned schools, their attendance rate is decreasing. While 72% of kindergartners in the city attended their zoned school in the 2007-08 school year, 60%
did so in the 2016-17 school year
.
One reason is that since 2003, New York City parents
have been able to
apply to out-of-zone schools when seats were available. And in 2020, when the COVID-19 pandemic began, all public school applications moved entirely online. This shift allowed parents to easily rank 12 different school options they liked, in and outside of their zones.
Still, New York City public schools
remain one of the most segregated
in the country,
divided by race and class
.
Pressure to be a good mom
Many of the mothers I interviewed from 2015 through 2019 said that getting their child into what they considered a “good” school reflected
good mothering
.
Mothers took the primary responsibility for their school search, whether they had partners or not, and regardless of their social class, as well as racial and ethnic background.
In 2017, I spoke with Janet, a white, married mother who at the time was 41 years old and had an infant and a 3-year-old. Janet worked as a web designer and lived in Queens. She explained that she started a group in 2016 to connect with other mothers, in part to discuss schools.
Though Janet’s children were a few years away from kindergarten, she believed that she had started her research for public schools too late. She spent multiple hours each week looking up information during her limited spare time. She learned that other moms were talking to other parents, researching test results, analyzing school reviews and visiting schools in person.
Janet said she wished she had started looking for schools when her son was was 1 or 2 years old, like other mothers she knew. She expressed fear that she was
failing as a mother
. Eventually, Janet enrolled her son in a nonzoned public school in another Queens neighborhood.
Pressure to find an inclusive school
Regardless of their incomes, Black, Latino and immigrant families I interviewed also felt pressure to evaluate whether the public schools they considered were racially and ethnically inclusive.
Parents worried that racially insensitive policies related to bullying, curriculum and discipline would negatively affect their children.
In 2015, I spoke with Fumi, a Black, immigrant mother of two young children. At the time, Fumi was 37 years old and living in Washington Heights in north Manhattan. She described her uncertain search for a public school.
Fumi thought that New York City’s
gifted and talented programs
at public schools might be a better option academically than other public schools that don’t offer an advanced track for some students. But the gifted and talented programs often
lacked racial diversity
, and Fumi did not want her son to be the only Black student in his class.
Still, Fumi had her son tested for the 2015
gifted and talented exam
and enrolled him in one of these programs for kindergarten.
Once Fumi’s son began attending the gifted and talented school, Fumi worried that the constant bullying he experienced was racially motivated.
Though Fumi remained uneasy about the bullying and lack of diversity, she decided to keep him at the school because of the school’s strong academic quality.
Pressure to find a niche school
Many of the parents I interviewed who earned more than US$50,000 a year wanted to find specialty schools that offered advanced courses, dual-language programs and progressive-oriented curriculum.
Parents like Renata, a 44-year-old Asian mother of four, and Stella, a 39-year-old Black mother of one, sent their kids to out-of-neighborhood public schools.
In 2016, Renata described visiting multiple schools and researching options so she could potentially enroll her four children in different schools that met each of their particular needs.
Stella, meanwhile, searched for schools that would de-emphasize testing, nurture her son’s creativity and provide flexible learning options.
In contrast, the working-class parents I interviewed who made less than $50,000 annually often sought schools that mirrored their own school experiences.
Few working-class parents I spoke with selected out-of-neighborhood and high academically performing schools.
New York City data points to similar results – low-income families are less likely than
people earning more than them to attend schools
outside of their neighborhoods.
For instance, Black working-class parents like 47-year-old Risha, a mother of four, and 53-year-old Jeffery, a father of three, who attended New York City neighborhood public schools themselves as children told me in 2016 that they decided to send their children to local public schools.
Based on state performance indicators, students at these particular schools performed lower on standard assessments than schools on average.
Students write down and draw positive affirmations on poster board at P.S. 5 Port Morris, a Bronx elementary school, in 2021.
Brittainy Newman/Associated Press
Cracks in the system
The parents I spoke with all live in New York City, which has a uniquely complicated education system. Yet the pressures they face are reflective of the
evolving public school choice landscape
for parents across the country.
Parents nationwide are searching for schools with vastly different resources and concerns about their children’s future well-being and success.
When parents panic about kindergarten, they reveal cracks in the foundation of American schooling. In my view, parental anxiety about kindergarten is a response to an unequal, high-stakes education system.
Bailey A. Brown does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organization that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.
