We created health guidelines for fighting loneliness – here’s what we recommend
In recent years, research has increasingly highlighted the critical role of social connection in maintaining good health, paralleling the risks associated with smoking and obesity. A staggering 30% increase in mortality risk due to social isolation has prompted health experts to label loneliness as an epidemic, particularly in the United States, where a “friendship recession” is evident. In 2023, the U.S. Surgeon General officially recognized this issue, linking rising deaths from suicide, addiction, and other despair-related causes to social disconnection. Despite the well-documented health benefits of social interaction, healthcare providers typically overlook social health in routine assessments, focusing instead on physical metrics like blood pressure and exercise habits.
To address this gap, an international team of over 100 experts has developed the first evidence-based guidelines for assessing and promoting social connection. These guidelines aim to elevate social health to the same level of importance as traditional public health practices, such as physical activity and proper nutrition. By establishing standardized metrics for social well-being, healthcare providers can better identify individuals at risk of isolation, while employers and educational institutions can create environments that foster meaningful interactions. Notably, these guidelines have already begun to influence policies in countries like the Netherlands and the U.K., with the hope that they can lead to broader systemic changes that prioritize social connection.
The guidelines underscore several key principles of social health. First, there is no one-size-fits-all approach; social needs vary widely among individuals, and the quality of interactions often outweighs the quantity. Additionally, while technology can contribute to social isolation, it can also be a powerful tool for maintaining connections when used intentionally. The guidelines emphasize the importance of diverse social networks, which include both close relationships and “weak ties,” such as acquaintances and neighbors, that can enhance overall well-being. Forward-thinking organizations are already implementing these principles, recognizing that fostering social health can lead to improved outcomes in workplaces, schools, and communities. Ultimately, the guidelines encourage individuals to prioritize face-to-face interactions, leverage technology for meaningful connections, and view solitude as a restorative period rather than a failure, promoting a culture that values social engagement as essential to health.
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Extensive research shows that social connection is crucial for good health, but there have been no standardized metrics for assessing it.
Yaakov Aldrich
,
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Social isolation kills
. It increases your risk of death by 30% — roughly the same as
smoking cigarettes
and much worse than factors such as
obesity and sedentary living
.
Americans are living through what researchers call a
friendship recession
, spending
less time with friends than at any point
in recent history.
In 2023, the U.S. Surgeon General
declared loneliness an epidemic
. Deaths from factors like suicide, addiction and alcoholism,
referred to as deaths of despair
,
continue climbing
.
While doctors routinely check patients’ blood pressure and ask about exercise habits, they rarely assess social health.
Public health guidelines urge Americans to
eat their vegetables
, exercise for
150 minutes weekly
, sleep
seven to nine hours nightly
and drink
less than one or two alcoholic beverages per day
. But few public health bodies have addressed social connection — until now.
As scholars who focus on
public policy
and social determinants of health and
well-being
, we are part of an international team of more than 100 experts who undertook the first systematic effort to develop
evidence-based guidelines for social connection
.
These guidelines,
which are now publicly available
, aim to do more than offer advice. Elements of them are already being embedded into policies in
the Netherlands
and
the U.K
.
Our hope is that the guidelines can elevate the importance of social connection to the same level as basic public health practices such as exercising, not smoking and relying on a designated driver when you go out drinking with friends.
Social isolation increases people’s risk of death dramatically – about as much as smoking does.
The value of guidelines
Research has shown for decades that
social connection is crucial
for good health. The
World Health Organization’s constitution
, adopted in 1946, defines health as “complete physical, mental and social well-being.”
Codifying different dimensions of health into evidence-based guidelines matters because guidelines allow people to put recommendations into action. Nutrition labels help people understand what they’re eating. Exercise recommendations help people know how much movement protects their health. Blood pressure cutoffs tell both patients and clinicians when it’s time to intervene.
Guidelines also shape systems in ways people feel every day. Exercise guidelines, for example, helped motivate cities to invest in
walkable streets
and
bike lanes
, workplaces to design wellness programs, and
schools to include physical activity in curricula
.
Social health guidelines can play a similar role.
Standardized metrics for social well-being can help health care providers
identify when someone is socially isolated
, enable employers to design
workplaces that foster connection
, and give schools and
cities clearer targets for building socially supportive environments
.
They also lay the groundwork for “
social prescriptions
” — structured ways to connect people with community programs or group activities — which some health care systems are already beginning to test.
The science of connection
Beginning in the summer of 2023, our team spent more than two years developing a set of international guidelines for social health by drawing on more than
40 plain-language evidence summaries
, numerous
case studies
,
conversations with marginalized communities
, and extensive
consultation with global experts
.
What we found highlights several foundational principles of social well-being.
First, there are no universal rules for social health. There is no magic number of friends or ideal number of weekly social hours. Social needs vary widely. Both
introverts and extroverts need connection
, but they meet that need differently. A new parent’s social world is completely unlike a retiree’s. And
quality trumps quantity
: One meaningful conversation can be more nourishing than a dozen quick exchanges.
Second, technology is not the villain it’s often made out to be.
Passive scrolling can harm well-being
, but active, intentional use can strengthen bonds — whether through video calls with distant family, group chats that sustain friendships or apps that
help neighbors organize local meetups
. The key is using technology to facilitate real connection rather than replace it.
Technology can help maintain connections at a distance.
FG Trade Latin/E+ via Getty Images
Third, relationships are shaped as much by systems as by individuals. Social health isn’t just about personal effort. It emerges from local environments that make connection possible. Research shows that investments in social infrastructure –
the places and spaces where we connect
, such as libraries, parks and cafes – measurably improve well-being. And communities that have denser concentrations of such spaces have better
health outcomes after disasters
.
Finally, diverse networks matter. Strong social health includes both close relationships and “weak ties” — acquaintances, neighbors, local business staff and others you see in passing. These lighter-touch interactions offer meaningful benefits: the barista who remembers your order, a colleague you exchange a few words with, a fellow dog walker along your route.
Studies show that
weak ties provide novel information
, unexpected opportunities and a broader sense of belonging that close friends alone can’t provide. A mix of ties — deep and shallow — forms the basis of a socially healthy life.
From research to reality
Forward-thinking institutions are already experimenting with principles that underpin our guidelines.
Some workplaces
now assess social health
when making decisions about policies such as remote work or office layout, recognizing that communication norms and physical design shape how employees connect. Schools are
teaching emotional intelligence
and friendship skills as core curriculum, not extras. Cities are investing in social infrastructure — community centers, shared public spaces and plazas — that naturally bring people together.
On a personal level, the guidelines suggest a few simple shifts:
Prioritize face-to-face time.
Even short,
in-person interactions boost mood
, reduce stress and build trust.
Use technology actively, not passively.
Reach out to someone, schedule a video call or use apps to create opportunities for connection — not just to scroll.
Treat solitude as restoration, not failure.
Healthy social lives include both meaningful interaction and the downtime needed to recharge.
Build routines that create natural interaction.
Walk the same route daily, become a regular at neighborhood spots or join recurring community activities to create predictable opportunities for connection.
And most importantly, take initiative.
In a culture that treats socializing as a luxury, prioritizing connection is quietly radical.
Kiffer George Card receives funding from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council, The Canadian Institutes of Health Research, and the Health Research BC. He is also an affiliate of Social Health Canada and the GenWell Project.
Daniel P. Aldrich does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organization that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.
