Can the world quit coal?

A fisherman looks at the Suralaya coal-fired power plant in Cilegon, Indonesia, in 2023.

Ronald Siagian/AFP via Getty Images
As
world leaders
and
thousands of researchers, activists
and
lobbyists
meet in Brazil at the
30th annual United Nations climate conference
, there is plenty of frustration that the world isn’t making progress on climate change fast enough.

Globally,
greenhouse gas emissions and global temperatures
continue to rise. In the U.S., the Trump administration, which didn’t send an official delegation to the climate talks, is
rolling back environmental and energy regulations
and
pressuring other countries
to boost their use of fossil fuels – the leading driver of climate change.

Coal use is also
rising, particularly in India and China
. And debates rage about justice and the
future for coal-dependent communities
as coal burning and coal mining end.

But underneath the bad news is a set of complex, contradictory and sometimes hopeful developments.

The problem with coal

Coal is the
dirtiest source of fossil fuel energy
and a major contributor of greenhouse gas emissions, making it bad not just for the climate but
also for human health
. That makes coal a good target for cutting global emissions.

A swift drop in coal use is the main
reason U.S. greenhouse gas emissions fell
in recent years as natural gas and renewable energy became cheaper.

Today, nearly a third of all countries worldwide have
pledged to phase out
their unabated coal-burning power plants in the coming years, including several countries you might not expect. Germany, Spain, Malaysia, the Czech Republic – all have substantial coal reserves and coal use today, yet they are among the
more than 60 countries
that have joined the Powering Past Coal Alliance and set phase-out deadlines between 2025 and 2040.

Several governments in the
European Union
and
Latin America
are now coal phase-out leaders, and
EU greenhouse gas emissions continue to fall
.

Progress, and challenges ahead

So, where do things stand for phasing out coal burning globally? The picture is mixed. For example:

The accelerating deployment of renewable energy, energy storage, electric vehicles and energy efficiency globally offer hope that global emissions are
on their way to peaking
. More than 90% of the new electricity capacity installed worldwide in 2024
came from clean energy sources
. However,
energy demand is also growing quickly
, so new renewable power does not always replace older fossil fuel plants or prevent new ones, including coal.

China now burns more coal than the rest of the world combined, and it continues to
build new coal plants
. But China is also a
driving force
in the dramatic growth in solar and wind energy investments and electricity generation inside China and around the world. As the industry leader in renewable energy technology, it has a strong economic interest in solar and wind power’s success around the world.

While climate policies that can reduce coal use are being subject to
backlash politics and policy rollbacks
in the U.S. and several European democracies, many other governments around the world continue to enact and implement
cleaner energy and emissions reduction policies
.

Phasing out coal isn’t easy, or happening
as quickly as studies show is needed
to slow climate change.

To meet the 2015 Paris Agreement’s goals of limiting global warming to well under 2 degrees Celsius (3.6 Fahrenheit) compared to pre-industrial times, and aiming to keep warming under 1.5 C (2.7 F), research shows that the world will need to
rapidly reduce nearly all
fossil fuel burning and associated emissions. It is
not close to being on track
.

Ensuring a just transition for coal communities

Many countries with coal mining operations worry about the transition for coal-dependent communities as mines shut down and jobs disappear.

No one wants a repeat of then-Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher’s
destruction of British coal communities
in the 1980s in her effort to break the mineworkers union. Mines rapidly closed, and many coal communities and regions were left languishing in economic and social decline for decades.

Two men collect coal for cooking outside the Komati Power Station, where they used to work, in 2024, in Komati, South Africa. Both lost their jobs when Eskom closed the power plant in 2022 under international pressure to cut emissions.

Per-Anders Pettersson/Getty Images

But as more countries phase out coal, they offer examples of how to ensure coal-dependent workers, communities, regions and entire countries
benefit from a just transition
to a coal-free system.

At local and national levels,
research shows
that careful planning, grid updates and reliable financing schemes, worker retraining, small-business development and public funding of coal worker pensions and community and infrastructure investments can help set coal communities on a path for prosperity.

Solutions exist

The world has
affordable renewable energy technologies
with which to replace coal-fired electricity generation. Shifting to renewable energy also has added benefits: It’s much
less harmful to the health
of those who live and work nearby than mining and burning coal is.

There are still challenges in the transition to clean energy, but also clear ways forward. Removing
political and regulatory obstacles
to building renewable energy generation and transmission lines, boosting production of renewable energy equipment, and helping low-income countries manage the upfront cost with
more affordable financing
can help expand those technologies more widely around the world.

So can the world quit coal? Yes, I believe we can. Or, as Brazilians say, “Sim, nós podemos.”

This article has been corrected to remove the reference to Powering Past Coal Alliance in connection with a fossil fuel non-proliferation treaty.

Stacy D. VanDeveer does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organization that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.